Biology Genetics Practice Test

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• Which scientist studied genetics using fruit flies?
• What is the genetic code redundancy and give an example.
• Which cell division results in a haploid number (N) of chromosomes?
• What term refers to an organism's genetic makeup?
• What happens to alleles located on different chromosomes?
• Which process produces gametes?
• What is an enhancer and how does it affect transcription?
• How does gene regulation differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
• A human is diploid because we have two sets of chromosomes. Which statement supports this?
• What is the ploidy of the daughter cells produced by meiosis?
• Which mutation results in no change to the amino acid sequence?
• Which statement best describes genetic drift and gene flow?
• What best describes homologous chromosomes?
• In incomplete dominance, a cross between red-flowered and white-flowered plants yields which color in the offspring?
• Which statement about Punnett Squares is true?
• Which genotypes represent homozygous for a gene with two alleles T and t?
• Which is an example of codon redundancy in the genetic code?
• During which stage do chromosomes line up in the center of the cell?
• What does recombination frequency measure in genetic mapping?
• Anaphase II
• The reappearance of a recessive trait in the F2 generation is best explained by:
• Alleles are?
• The F2 generation is:
• Which statement correctly describes body cells in relation to gametes?
• A gene map is best described as...
• Gregor Mendel studied genetics using which organism?
• Erminette coloration in chickens is an example of which pattern of inheritance?
• Which term describes the genetic makeup of an organism?
• Which term describes the inheritance of traits?
• Polygenic traits are controlled by two or more genes.
• Genetics is defined as which of the following?
• Which statement best describes recombinant DNA technology and names two enzymes commonly used in the process?
• What is a gene?
• In eukaryotes, what is the role of the TATA box in transcription initiation?
• What is the outcome of mitosis in terms of the number of daughter cells and their genetic makeup?
• In incomplete dominance, which statement is true?
• Which molecule carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome to specify the amino acid sequence during protein synthesis?
• What is linkage disequilibrium?
• Which of the following statements best captures Mendel's principle of dominance?
• In incomplete dominance example: crossing red RR with white rr yields pink offspring. What is the phenotype of all F1 progeny?
• Alleles are the different forms of what genetic unit?
• Which term describes the likelihood that a particular event will occur?
• What is the role of histone modification in gene regulation?
• What is the likelihood that an event will occur?
• What is the term for genes that are on the same chromosome but can be separated by crossing over?
• What is the process and significance of PCR in genetics?
• In humans, which chromosome is typically associated with male sex?
• What factor most determines whether two genes will assort independently?
• Crossing-over during meiosis can do what to genes that were on the same chromosome?
• Which term denotes the offspring resulting from crosses between true-breeding lines?
• Which statement describes independent assortment?
• What are the three main stages of transcription in prokaryotes and what promoter feature is essential for initiation?
• What are gametes?
• Which statement best distinguishes meiosis from mitosis?
• What does it mean for a gene to be linked?
• Metaphase II
• What is the joining of male and female reproductive cells called?
• Gene linkage is best described by which of the following statements?
• Mendel's observation that most genes assort independently is explained by...
• Which genotype describes two different alleles for a trait?
• What term describes paired homologous chromosomes that come together during prophase I?
• If a carrier female mates with an unaffected male for an X-linked recessive trait, what fraction of sons is affected?
• Which statement describes a discrete trait?
• In incomplete dominance, a heterozygote shows which type of phenotype?
• Allolactose binds to the repressor to enable lac operon transcription when lactose is present.
• What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
• In plants, fertilization between gametes from the same flower is called?
• Which list shows all possible genotypes for a single gene with two alleles?
• If two genes are on the same chromosome but are far apart, what is expected about their assortment?
• What is the effect of crossing over on linkage?
• How does histone acetylation influence transcription?
• What does genotype mean?
• Explain mitochondrial inheritance and why affected mothers transmit to all their children.
• Self-pollination occurs when pollen fertilizes ovules on the same flower. Which term describes this process?
• What is the term for a cross between plants that differ in only one characteristic?
• Which term describes a trait that is masked by a dominant allele?
• Describe a frameshift mutation and how it differs from a point mutation.
• Which genotypes are homozygous for a trait with two alleles?
• Do Mendel's principles of genetics apply to all organisms?
• Explain gene flow and its effect on populations.
• What is the outcome of meiosis?
• Which statement about gene linkage is true?
• A trait controlled by more than one gene is called what?
• The second filial generation is:
• F stands for
• In a trait with complete dominance, which genotype shows the recessive phenotype?
• What term means genetic makeup?
• Independent assortment describes which of the following?
• Which genotype is heterozygous?
• Explain how mRNA processing in eukaryotes modifies the transcript before translation.
• In an F1 generation from crossing two true-breeding parents with different traits, the offspring typically:
• Which process yields two genetically identical diploid cells?
• Edwards syndrome is another name for trisomy of which chromosome?
• Diploid refers to how many sets of chromosomes?
• What is the difference between a karyotype and a genome sequence?
• When do tetrads form?
• What observation would support the existence of linked genes?
• A point mutation changing a codon to a stop codon results in?
• P stands for
• Which statement best captures the Law of Independent Assortment?
• A trait is best defined as a
• What is a Punnett square?
• Which term describes traits controlled by two or more genes?
• A dihybrid cross AaBb x AaBb yields how many genotype combinations under independent assortment?
• Turner syndrome is associated with which chromosomal abnormality?
• Which term describes offspring produced when crossing true-breeding varieties with different traits?
• Homologous chromosomes separate
• Nondisjunction refers to failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate during cell division. Which condition can result from nondisjunction?
• A recessive allele shows its trait only in which condition?
• Which term describes the separation of alleles during gamete formation?
• Which best defines allele, genotype, phenotype, and dominance in genetics?
• What color offspring result from co-dominance?
• Which term describes genes that are on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together, but can separate via crossing-over?
• What is the consequence of alternative splicing in eukaryotic mRNA processing?
• What is the scientific study of heredity?
• In a trait with complete dominance, which genotypes yield the dominant phenotype in a heterozygote?
• What does a genome sequence provide?
• What term describes offspring from crosses between true-breeding parents with different traits?
• Which processes during meiosis contribute to genetic variation in offspring?
• Which statement describes Mendel's Law of Segregation?
• Mendel called factors what?
• Which statement best describes the outcome of meiosis in terms of the number of daughter cells and their genetic makeup?
• Which term describes a trait that masks other forms when present in the genotype?
• Which statement is true about multiple alleles for a trait?
• Which statement describes a recessive allele?
• Which statement best describes incomplete dominance?
• In the Lac operon, which complex activates transcription when glucose is scarce?
• Haploid refers to how many sets of chromosomes?
• Where does translation predominantly occur in eukaryotic cells?
• What is the phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross AaBb x AaBb under independent assortment when both traits show complete dominance?
• What is gene therapy and how could CRISPR be used?
• What is a chromatid?
• What does a haploid cell contain?
• Mendel's principle of dominance states:
• In codominance, what is observed in a heterozygote?
• What is gel electrophoresis used for in genetics?
• What are telomeres and their role in aging and cancer?
• A tetrad is made of how many chromatids?
• Which statement best summarizes Mendel's genetic principles?
• Which statement accurately describes germline mutations and somatic mutations with regard to inheritance?
• What is the semiconservative nature of DNA replication?
• Which concept explains that genes for different traits can segregate independently during gamete formation?
• Which statement best describes a dominant allele?
• Which statement describes a quantitative trait?
• Which process involves DNA replication forming duplicate chromosomes?
• Which statement best describes Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and what p and q represent?
• What is a chromosome?
• During which stage of meiosis does crossing-over occur?
• Describe sickle cell anemia as an example of balanced polymorphism and mention a pleiotropic effect.
• Which phrase best describes phenotype?
• What term refers to physical characteristics, what it looks like?
• Mitosis.
• Which statement best differentiates transcriptional regulation from translational regulation?
• Segregation means?
• Which statement defines a diploid cell?
• What is a frameshift mutation and how does it affect downstream amino acids?
• Which statement best describes nondisjunction in meiosis I versus meiosis II and the resulting gamete compositions?
• In a monohybrid cross Aa x Aa, what fraction of offspring are homozygous recessive?
• What term describes alternative forms of a gene?
• Epigenetic inheritance refers to heritable changes in gene expression not due to DNA sequence. Which statement best describes an example?
• What is pleiotropy?
• Which genotype describes having identical alleles for a trait?
• Meiosis.
• Which term best describes corresponding chromosomes from the two parents that carry the same genes in the same order?
• Which statement describes a frameshift mutation near the start of a gene?
• Which process can separate linked genes?
• If p = 0.6 and q = 0.4 in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what fraction of individuals are homozygous recessive (qq)?
• What describes the offspring from crosses between parents with different traits?
• Which statement about Punnett Squares is true?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between genotype and phenotype with respect to environment, using PKU as an example?
• During meiosis, crossing over can cause previously linked genes to become separated by moving to what?
• Pleiotropy occurs when a single gene influences multiple traits. Which example illustrates pleiotropy?
• Which statement correctly distinguishes codominance from incomplete dominance?
• Which generation consists of the original organisms used to start a genetic cross?
• Mendel studied seven genes; six were on different chromosomes. What does this imply about their inheritance?
• Which genotype results in AB blood type and what type of dominance is exhibited between IA and IB alleles?
• How does lactose presence influence Lac operon expression in E. coli?
• How do operons regulate gene expression in bacteria and what happens when lactose is present?
• What is phenotype?
• Why is genetic drift more pronounced in small populations?
• What is a tetrad?
• Which statement defines a haploid cell?
• In X-linked recessive inheritance, which sex is more frequently affected in a random population and why?
• Cross-pollination occurs when pollen from one plant fertilizes ovules of a different plant. Which term describes this process?
• Which scientist studied the inheritance of traits?
• Which mutation creates a stop codon during translation?
• What is aneuploidy and provide two examples besides trisomy 21?
• In the Lac operon, which molecule acts as the inducer that binds to the repressor to allow transcription?
• What is the start codon in most organisms and what amino acid does it code for in bacteria and in eukaryotes?
• What best describes an F1 hybrid?
• Which statement correctly distinguishes autosomes from sex chromosomes?
• Gene maps are constructed using information from which of the following?
• The process of pollen from one plant fertilizing ovules on a different plant is called
• In eukaryotic cells, transcription occurs primarily in which cellular compartment?
• Which statement best describes epistasis, as illustrated by Labrador coat color, where the E allele (extension) must be present to deposit pigment and ee results in yellow regardless of the B allele?
• Which statement describes the principle of dominance?
• If a pedigree shows affected individuals with unaffected parents, what does this imply about dominance and allele frequency?
• Gene maps illustrate the relative locations of genes on a chromosome. Which statement best describes what these maps depict?
• Explain alternative splicing and its significance in gene expression.
• Which statement about meiosis is correct?
• Telophase II
• Thomas Hunt Morgan studied genetics using fruit flies primarily because they produce large numbers of offspring.
• What genotype represents heterozygous for a trait with alleles T and t?
• What term describes a cross between organisms that differ in two characteristics?
• What term describes corresponding sets of chromosomes, one from each parent?
• Which statement accurately describes Punnett Squares?
• Crossing-over?
• Which statement correctly describes the start codon usage in bacteria and eukaryotes?
• The F generation refers to the offspring of the
• What information does a karyotype provide?